Trading Pollution Credits
← The Cap and Trade Program | Obtaining an Environmental Permit → |
Introduction
The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990 initiated pollution credits as an approach for industries to manage various regulations that seek to reduce air pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) together with individual states formed a system that permits manufacturing plants and utilities to release a specific level of pollutants. Some companies are permitted to trade pollution credits whilst conforming to the required standards for a cleaner air. Cost-benefit analysis of trading pollution credits is significant in evaluating the gains and drawbacks of environmental protective regulations (EPA, 1995).
Discussion
Trading pollution credits is an effective strategy in producing the very best environmental outcome for the least cost. For instance, the formation of a market by U.S. in 1990 to trade pollution credits has worked effectively to lessen acid rain and sulfur dioxide emissions emerging from coal-fired power plants. Reduction of Sulfur dioxide cap to the appropriate health would protect ecosystems and human health. Moreover, the EPA introduced a strategy that would regulate lethal air pollution from petroleum refineries. EPA’s aim was to reduce approximately 60 percent of chemicals which were prone to cause severe health effects such as cancer and thus save 4.5 million Americans. By utilizing trading pollution credits, EPA and consumers were able to save $ 2 billion annually and regulate cancer-causing air toxins. Hence, this was a successful and beneficial approach to cause an effective environmental and public health protection (Collin, 2006, p. 340).
According to Tietenberg (2006), during the period 1970-1990, United States government successfully conducted a cost-benefit analysis of air program. Within this period, the findings from the analysis concluded that air program trading pollution credits results, principally amounted to a total benefit amounting to approximately $ 22 trillion, a net benefit of $21.7 trillion and a total cost amounting to roughly $ 0.5 trillion. The analysis also concluded that that the economic cost of clean air programs was forty two times better contrasted to the total costs of air pollution regulation throughout the 20 year period .The study discovered that several positive consequences occurred in the U.S. economy due to CAA regulations and programs. Moreover, the study approximated that total agricultural benefits from the CAA amounted to roughly $10 billion. Thus, it is clear from the outcome conducted during this period that the benefits from regulating air pollution considerably outweighed the costs (67).
Hence, the goals of free trade and environmental protection properly interconnect with the new pollution trading methods which are founded on market mechanisms. Trading pollution credits has enabled large polluters to sell credits to companies that are unable to maintain their emissions within acceptable limits. For instance, if a plant lowered its SO2 emissions below its permitted level, it could afford to trade the leftover emission credits to other utilities that needed to purchase it. This rule has led to an economic gain by reducing pollution through low-carbon generation. The costs and benefits of trading pollution credit have led to major reductions in cases of smog, haze, acid rain, diseases and environmental effects (EPA 1995). For instance, the reduction of smog-levels resulted to a benefit of more than $ 150 million annually while the total cost amounted to roughly $ 95 million annually. The benefit was due to a 60% decrease from existing levels (Collins, 2006, p.340).
Conclusion
In Conclusion, It is clear that the quantifiable benefits of trading pollution credits overweigh the full costs that result from the environmental hazards. With regard to the environmental history, the rise of environmentalism and environmental awareness that emerged in the 1970s was a feasible option of environmental protection. Hence, the development of trading pollution credit has provided industries with an effective strategy of reducing pollution with the lowest cost.
Steve C.
Marion, NE
|
|
|
Thank you so much! I was assigned a paper that I found impossible to write. I did the reading. I did the research. However, regardless of my weak attempts, I could not formulate a cogent paper. I needed help, and EssaysEmpire.com’s writers were there for me. Customer service even arranged for me to speak with the person who was working on my paper personally. I had a lot of concerns, because my professor was very picky. However, EssaysEmpire.com was able to handle the order with no problem |
Sarah H.
Brooklyn, NY
|
|
|
As always, I can count on EssaysEmpire.com to never let me down. I had to place an emergency order and was worried that I had not given the writer enough time to do a good job. I was wrong. They did a tremendous job! Thanks ever so much! |
Glen M.
Oakland, CA
|
|
|
Your writers are awesome! I got an A and two A+’s on the papers that they wrote for me! |
Mike G.
Rochester, NY
|
|
|
Your writing service is different from other writing services. Yours is the only one I have ever dealt with that I can truthfully say is legitimate. The staff is very professional. The writers are the best in the business. I am pleased with the results of my last three orders and plan to return for more soon. |
Gaia W.
Lexington, OK
|
|
|
EssaysEmpire.com gets an A+ for being the best writing service a student could ever ask for! Thank you for your continued high quality work, guys. I have purchased 6 papers from you over the last two years and they have been exquisite in their workmanship and content. I really appreciate how hard you guys work to please your customers. I’m not surprised that you are reported to be the best writing company online or off. To me, you are exactly that. |
Celeste H.
San Francisco, CA
|
|
|
EssaysEmpire.com always gives me a plagiarism report to prove that the work they wrote for me is authentic. I appreciate this. It helps eliminate worry. |
Cleo P.
Oakland, CA
|
|
|
I submitted my order as a ‘rush order’. I only had 2 days to get my paper finished and I just felt like I was sinking. I didn’t understand the material I was writing about, and I didn’t know what I was going to do. My friend recommended EssaysEmpire.com. I had very little lost by attempting to use this writing service, so I did. It was an excellent move on my part, because, not only was my paper finished on time. It was also excellently written. I will always be grateful to my friend for recommending your service. It is wonderful. |
Sarah M.
Portland, OR
|
|
|
Today was the perfect day to make an A+! It convinced me that there are solutions to problems that seem impossible to solve. When I realized that the due date for my paper was coming up quickly, I felt like there was nothing I could do. If I didn’t hand in my paper on time, I would get an F and fail the course. However, I had to study for 3 major exams and write two other papers. My roommate suggested that I turn the paper over to you guys, which I did, and voila! I got an A+ on it and the problem was solved. Thank you, EssaysEmpire.com and to your writers and staff. You are a great writing service. |
Brianne H.
Tampa, FL
|
|
|
The paper that I purchased from EssaysEmpire.com was well written. Thank you. I will have another order for you soon. Since I was so happy with the way things went, I see no reason to use any other writing service. Your service delivers the goods, just like you say you will. |
Sanjaya K.
Calcutta, INDIA
|
|
|
I am fully satisfied with my research paper. It cannot have been easy for your writers to compose! The topic is called, "PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION OPERATIONS REPRESENTATION USING KARNAUGH MAP”. That is a very difficult topic! However, your writers developed an algorithm, included a diagram and a graph and related multi-dimensional matrix multiplication perfectly. I am thrilled with the work I received and will be using your company again in the near future. Thank you for all of your hard work on this project. I love it! |
Terry M.
Sparta, NJ
|
|
|
I got an A+ on the paper that you guys wrote for me. I can’t believe it! THANKS!!!! Many, many thanks! This A+ added those few extra points that I needed to stay on the Dean’s Honor List. You’re the greatest, EssaysEmpire.com! |
Doreen A.
Malibu, CA
|
|
|
Due to a family emergency, I was unable to complete a very important paper. Thanks to EssaysEmpire.com, I was able to hand in a well written paper and not sacrifice my grade. I will be forever grateful to your writing service for providing such outstanding work. Thank you so much. |
Marcus H.
Eugene, OR
|
|
|
You’ve done it again! Every time I order a paper from EssaysEmpire.com, you top the last one. This latest one was the best yet. I truly do appreciate the fact that you offer such high quality writing. It never fails. With some of the other writing services online, you ever really know what you are going to get. Sometimes, they just sell you a paper that someone else has already bought. I never have to worry about things like that happening when I use EssaysEmpire.com. |
Sylvia S.
Ardmore, OK
|
|
|
Dear EssaysEmpire.com, Over the last couple of years, I have used your writing service for a total of five times. I have never had the same writer twice, but I have had excellent results with the writers who were assigned to my projects. I could easily recommend you guys. You’re the greatest! |
David H.
New York, NY
|
|
|
I want to thank each writer who participated in helping with my large project. I know they spent a lot of energy turning out an admirable product, and I feel good for having hired them to take on this important project. EssaysEmpire.com is reputed as the best writing company on the Internet. Now, I know first hand, that you live up to that reputation. I could not have asked for a better deal. |
Josef H.
Houston, TX
|
|
|
The topic for my assigned essay was very intense. It involved a lot of research and knowledge of the subject. The writer who took care of it for me seemed to be a real expert. I found that so impressive! I just had to drop a line to let you know how much I appreciated the work he did. |
Sharon S.
Dallas, TX
|
|
|
I greatly appreciate your assistance. Writing has never been my strong point. When I needed help, EssaysEmpire.com gave it to me. I am completely satisfied! |
Phoebe K.
Madison, CT
|
|
|
I find your writing company to be professional, proficient and perfect. Your papers are always so good! They make good reading, in addition to being well written assignments. I can tell your writers really know their stuff! |
Ramona R.
Sparks, NV
|
|
|
Thank you for doing such stellar work on my paper. How anyone could write a paper this well on a subject this boring, is beyond me. When I tried to write it myself, I thought it would have put my professor to sleep! Your writers made it sound so interesting! I really appreciate that. Thanks a million! |
Langley R.
Los Angeles, CA
|
|
|
One of the things that I appreciate most about EssaysEmpire.com, is that they don’t resell your paper. Only you own it, if you hire them to write something. Other writing services that I have used, just circulate the same paper over and over, and if you get caught turning one in, too bad. You are expelled. EssaysEmpire.com will even give you a plagiarism report after they run it through their anti-plagiarism check. Such details set EssaysEmpire.com above the rest. |